Blood Clot Treatments

blood clot treatments

Blood clotting is one of the most important mechanism of the body to help repairing injured blood vessels. When an injury happens, such as damaged blood vessels, platelets are transported to the injured area to form an initial plug. This process will activate a clotting cascade, using a series of clotting factors produced by the body. In the end, fibrin is formed. Fibrin is a protein that crosslinks with itself to make a mesh that completes the final blood clot.

The medical terminology for a blood clot is thrombus. Once it is formed, as a normal recovery process of the body, there will be little consequence. Unfortunately, there are times when thrombi (plural form of thrombus) will form but it is not needed, and it can make significant problems for the body itself.

In the US, approximately there are 2 million people develop blood clot symptoms every year. Most people are over age 40. Blood clots in the lung can cause death at least 650,000 people/year, making it the third most common cause of death. 

Blood clot, risk factors

The risk factor of blood clots are common with the risk factors to all diseases that cause narrowing of blood vessels, rupture of plaque, and also cholesterol plaque formation, such as:

• Hypertension
• High cholesterol levels
• Diabetes mellitus
• Family history of blood clot
• Cigarette smoking

Other conditions are also risk factors for blood clot formation:

• Recent surgery
• Prolonged immobility, bed rest or sitting (during flight, a long car ride)
• Heart attack
• Heart failure
• Fractures in the hip, thigh, or lower leg
• Live in high altitude
• Recent childbirth
• Obesity
• Contraceptive users
• Old age

Blood clot symptoms

There are 2 locations of blood clot formation:

1. Venous clots. The clots prevent blood not to return to the heart. Most often happening in the arms or legs. Symptoms are:
• Warmth
• Swelling
• Redness
• Pain
2. Arterial clots. The clots prevent blood not to get to the affected area. Injured body tissue becomes lack of oxygen and begin to die.

blood clot treatments

Blood clot treatments

The treatments depend on the location of clots, and it can be symptomatic or agressive treatment.

1. Venous blood clots
• Warm compresses 
• Drugs: ibuprofen, acetaminophen
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) needs special treatment called anticoagulation, such as: enoxaparin, warfarin. Patients need hospitalization.
• Blood clots below the knee have lower risks for emolization to the lung. It may need serial ultrasonography examinations to monitor the clot's growth.
• If pulmonary emboli occurs, the treatment is similiar to DVT and also need hospitalization to monitor patients' condition.
2. Arterial blood clots
• It should be more seriously treated.
• Surgery is needed to remove the clot
• Medications: tenecteplase, alteplase (TPA), especially for peripheral arterial disease to restore blood supply.
• If blood clots occur in the heart, cardiac catheterization is need to relocate blocked artery and a ballon is used to open the occluded area, restore blood circulation, and then a stent (ring) is placed to keep it open. If there is no contraindication, blood clots in brain (stroke) need TPA to restore brain blood flow and prevent more damage.