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January 25, 2012

What Is EHEC Bacteria

what is ehec bacteria
EHEC stands for enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. This bacteria can casue severe food borne disease. EHEC bacteria often causes outbreaks that are mainly caused by raw milk, undercooked ground meat products, fruit and vegetables that are contaminated by feces. Actually, the EHEC bacteria infection is spontaneously cured, but in bad immune system, it may lead to a life-threatening condition such as haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) that mostly happen in children and elderly. The recent big outbreak of EHEC infection was in Europe, primarily in Germany, 4,000 people was infected with more of 700 cases of HUS and 46 deaths. This HUS incidence was higher than usual and it was identified that the organism involved is E coli O104. 

What is EHEC bacteria?
  • Strain O157 of E coli is a member of EHEC pathotype.
  • Most clinical microbiology laboratories do not routinely test for this bacteria. Sorbitol MacConkey media is commonly used to identify EHEC, which is based on EHEC's instability to ferment sorbitol.
  • EHEC can also be detected from its Shiga toxins via PCR from diarrhea specimen.
  • Examples of food that can promote EHEC outbreaks: undercooked hamburger, sprouts and lettuce, unpasteurized milk, and other dairy products that are contaminated by livestock excretion (bovine).
Symptoms of EHEC infection
  • Diarrhea, can be bloody (haemorrhagic enteritis) in day 2-3 
  • Significant abdominal pain
  • Mild fever
  • Vomiting
  • Symptoms and signs of HUS:
    • Haemolytic anemia
    • Acute renal failure
    • Thrombocytopenia
    • Neurological complications: coma, seizure
 Treatment of EHEC infection
  • Currently the treatment is supportive only
  • It is important to know that the use of empiric antibiotics that are usually given to treat bacterial gastroenteritis will increase the risk of haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
  • Hospitalization is needed because the patients should receive proper fluid replacement 
  • In HUS, the treatments are hemodialysis, blood transfusion, and possibly plasmaphoresis.
How to prevent EHEC infection?
  • Cook meat and milk products thoroughly because actually EHEC is heat-sensitive.
  • Follow the "Five Keys to Safer Food", a guidance by WHO. It is about how to prevent infections from food borne microorganisms such as EHEC.
  • Regular hand washing, especially before food preparation and after toilet contact
Sources:

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