Blood Clot Treatments

blood clot treatments

Blood clotting is one of the most important mechanism of the body to help repairing injured blood vessels. When an injury happens, such as damaged blood vessels, platelets are transported to the injured area to form an initial plug. This process will activate a clotting cascade, using a series of clotting factors produced by the body. In the end, fibrin is formed. Fibrin is a protein that crosslinks with itself to make a mesh that completes the final blood clot.

The medical terminology for a blood clot is thrombus. Once it is formed, as a normal recovery process of the body, there will be little consequence. Unfortunately, there are times when thrombi (plural form of thrombus) will form but it is not needed, and it can make significant problems for the body itself.

In the US, approximately there are 2 million people develop blood clot symptoms every year. Most people are over age 40. Blood clots in the lung can cause death at least 650,000 people/year, making it the third most common cause of death. 

Blood clot, risk factors

The risk factor of blood clots are common with the risk factors to all diseases that cause narrowing of blood vessels, rupture of plaque, and also cholesterol plaque formation, such as:

• Hypertension
• High cholesterol levels
• Diabetes mellitus
• Family history of blood clot
• Cigarette smoking

Other conditions are also risk factors for blood clot formation:

• Recent surgery
• Prolonged immobility, bed rest or sitting (during flight, a long car ride)
• Heart attack
• Heart failure
• Fractures in the hip, thigh, or lower leg
• Live in high altitude
• Recent childbirth
• Obesity
• Contraceptive users
• Old age

Blood clot symptoms

There are 2 locations of blood clot formation:

1. Venous clots. The clots prevent blood not to return to the heart. Most often happening in the arms or legs. Symptoms are:
• Warmth
• Swelling
• Redness
• Pain
2. Arterial clots. The clots prevent blood not to get to the affected area. Injured body tissue becomes lack of oxygen and begin to die.

blood clot treatments

Blood clot treatments

The treatments depend on the location of clots, and it can be symptomatic or agressive treatment.

1. Venous blood clots
• Warm compresses 
• Drugs: ibuprofen, acetaminophen
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) needs special treatment called anticoagulation, such as: enoxaparin, warfarin. Patients need hospitalization.
• Blood clots below the knee have lower risks for emolization to the lung. It may need serial ultrasonography examinations to monitor the clot's growth.
• If pulmonary emboli occurs, the treatment is similiar to DVT and also need hospitalization to monitor patients' condition.
2. Arterial blood clots
• It should be more seriously treated.
• Surgery is needed to remove the clot
• Medications: tenecteplase, alteplase (TPA), especially for peripheral arterial disease to restore blood supply.
• If blood clots occur in the heart, cardiac catheterization is need to relocate blocked artery and a ballon is used to open the occluded area, restore blood circulation, and then a stent (ring) is placed to keep it open. If there is no contraindication, blood clots in brain (stroke) need TPA to restore brain blood flow and prevent more damage.

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Thalassemia How To Test

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. This disorders result in increased destruction of red blood cells, which leads to anemia.

thalassemia how to test

Thalassemia Causes

Hemoglobin consists of two proteins: alpha globin and beta globin. Thalassemia occurs when there is a defect in a gene that control production of those globins.

Genetically, thalassemia is classified into two main types:

1. Alpha thalassemia: when a gene or genes related to the alpha globin protein are missing or mutated.
2. Beta thalassemia: when similar gene defects influence the production of beta globin protein.

Clinically, thalassemia is classified into:

1. Major thalassemia: A person with major thalassemia must inherit the defective gene from both parents.
2. Minor thalassemia: occurs if a person receive the defective gene from only one of his parents, so he becomes a thalassemia carrier. Person with minor thalassemia has minimal symptoms or mostly symptomless.

Risk factor of thalassemia

1. Certain ethnicity: Chinese, Asian, Mediteranian, and Afro-American.
2. Family history of thalassemia.

Thalassemia symptoms

• Alpha thalassemia is the most severe kind of thalassemia. It can cause stillbirth (death of unborn baby, usually during late stages of pregnancy or while delivering)
• Children born with major thalassemia may be normal at birth, but they will develop anemia in their first year of life.
• Symptoms of thalassemia-related anemia:
• Fatigue
• Growth failure, failure to thrieve
• Bone deformities in the face
• Jaundice 
• People with minor form of beta and alpha thalassemia have no symptoms, but microscopically, it can be identified.

thalassemia how to test

Thalassemia how to test

• Peripheral blood test (complete blood count) and peripheral blood film
• Low level of hemoglobin
• Low level of red blood cells
• Pale red blood cells
• Various size and shape of red blood cells.
• Serum iron test
• Hemoglobin electrophoresis: to detect abnormal form of hemoglobin molecule.
• DNA analysis : it is a definitive way to diagnose thalassemia and also thalassemia carrier.
• Prenatal testing. It can be done before the baby is born. The goals are to rule out thalassemia and to determine how severe the thalassemia is. There are 2 kinds of tests in fetuses:
• Amniocentesis: it can be done in week 16 of pregnancy by taking sample of fluid that surrounds the fetus.
• Chorionic villous sampling: it is usually done in week 11. The sample is a tiny piece of placenta.
• Premarital testing. 
• If both of bride and groom have minor thalassemia (carriers), they should consult to a doctor before planning a pregnancy. Remember that thalassemia is a preventable disease!
• Assisted reproductive technology. It helps couples with thalassemia carrier to have a normal baby. This procedure involves retrieving mature eggs from a woman and then fertilizing them with a selected man's sperm in a laboratory. After that, the embryos are tested if there is any gene defect. Only those without defective genes are implanted in the woman.

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